By Denise Gee Peacock

Our children are the heart of our communities—the keeper of our legacies. But sometimes the unthinkable happens. A child goes missing. And in those desperate moments, every second counts. So do AMBER Alerts. 

Thus begins a new eight-minute AMBER Alert in Indian Country-focused video filmed in Santa Fe. It is the longest of three videos that focus on AMBER Alert being a lifeline—a rapid response system that mobilizes entire communities to help find missing and abducted quickly and safely.

In Indian Country, implementing AMBER Alert comes with unique challenges: jurisdictional rights, infrastructure and resources limitations, crime reporting complexities, and the need for cultural understanding and multiagency collaboration.

The AMBER Alert in Indian Country (AIIC) initiative—part of the AMBER Alert Training & Technical Assistance Program (AATTAP) of the National Criminal Justice Training Center (NCJTC) of Fox Valley Technical College—is a bridge meant to overcome such issues.

“We all have a role to play in protecting our children,” says NCJTC Director and AATTAP Administrator Janell Rasmussen. “By working together, we can ensure that every community in Indian Country has the resources and support they need to implement AMBER Alert effectively.”

Quote icon
We all have a role to play in protecting our children. By working together, we can ensure that every community in Indian Country has the resources and support they need to implement AMBER Alert effectively.
Janell Rasmussen Director, National Criminal Justice Training Center / Administrator, AMBER Alert Training & Technical Assistance Program
Quote image
Quote icon
Although we are many nations, we are one in this commitment.
Tyesha M. Wood Manager, AMBER Alert in Indian Country initiative/AMBER Alert Training & Technical Assistance Program
Quote image

The goal of the new video (one of three in total) and AIIC training, is to:

  • Cultivate awareness and build knowledge of available resources and support systems for Indian Country.
  • Encourage American Indian/ Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities to implement effective response plans.
  • Help Tribes understand the basics of the AMBER Alert system and evaluate their community’s preparedness.
  • Promote the relationship-building between AI/AN, state agencies, and law enforcement.
  • Emphasize the need for cultural awareness in handling missing/ abducted children cases.
  • Build agency among AI/AN communities to take proactive measures to safeguard their children—and their children’s children.

The AATTAP-AIIC team worked with two Indigenous filmmakers who form the heart of Bravebird, a company that regularly collaborates with the nationally respected marketing firm 6 AM. (See the sidebar “Telling Stories,” below.) Both firms are based in Wisconsin, and both “were perfect to work with based on their understanding of the sensitivity of this story,” says Tyesha M. Wood, Program Manager for AATTAP’s AMBER Alert in Indian Country initiative.

“We wanted to bring together voices of child protection officials from Tribes across the nation—law enforcement leaders and others who could feel comfortable in expressing what their concerns are and how the AMBER Alert in Indian Country program has helped them. And how it can help others too,” Wood says.

The video was filmed on the Pueblo of Pojoaque reservation, known to have existed since 500 AD. The New Mexico Tribe played host to the video’s participants, who came from northern California, south Louisiana, northern Florida, and all points in between.

AIIC’s main champion in the video series is Pamela Foster, who figured prominently in the first video produced for the initiative after passage of the Ashlynne Mike AMBER Alert in Indian Country Act of 2018. Foster is the mother of Ashlynne, who on May 2, 2016, was abducted—along with her brother Ian—and murdered in a remote area on the Navajo Nation. Ian managed to escape and run several miles to seek help. But while Ashlynne’s parents made frantic efforts to locate her, misunderstandings and jurisdictional hurdles on the reservation prevented an AMBER Alert from being issued until the next day, robbing authorities of critical hours in their search efforts.

“On that day, a part of me died, and life has never been the same,” Foster says. But it also propelled her to lobby forlegislative change that would prevent another Tribal family from experiencing what hers did.

“I made a promise to Ashlynne that I would do my part to fix the loophole that exists in the system,” Foster says. “I would fight with every fiber of my being to bring AMBER Alert to Indian Country.”

The video underscores the urgency of implementing AMBER Alerts through the lens of law enforcement professionals and others working on the front lines of protecting Tribal children.

“For far too long, an epidemic has been playing out in Indian Country as it relates to missing and murdered Indigenous children, adults, wives, relatives, brothers, and fathers. And it is a monster,” says Major Nathan Barton of the Pueblo of Pojoaque Police Department.

In the video, Foster makes a direct appeal to Tribal leaders. “If you haven’t already received the AIIC training, please reach out. Thanks to Ashlynne’s law, we can work with you to establish an AMBER Alert plan,” she says. “What’s more, the training is free and accessible, and it’s adaptive to your needs. We just need more Tribal participation for this to be effective.”

After the process, Foster had this to reflect on: “Sitting with the Tribal leaders and law enforcement officials who participated in the shoot was heartening. I was happy to hear them talk about how vital it is to protect our children on and off the reservation, and they each came with a powerful message to share,” she says. “It was good to see that we are building a connection with one another, and others—and that we are committed to being supported and heard.”

ACTION ITEMS:

Three photos: Of Pamela Foster, of Pamela's necklace showing her with her daughter, Ashlynne, and a poster in tribute to Ashlynne
"Ashlynne's love is like a bright light that shines over Indian Country." —PAMELA FOSTER
Quote icon
Words like ‘sovereignty’ and ‘jurisdiction’ have almost become taboo. But any child who is missing should be the priority. It doesn’t matter where the resources are coming from. Let’s locate that child.
Jada Breaux Captain, Chitimacha Tribal Police (Louisiana)
Quote image
Quote icon
You don’t have to do it alone. Tribes across the U.S. are willing to share what works in getting AMBER Alert in Indian Country.
Greg O'Rourke Chief, Yurok Tribal Police Department (California)
Quote image
Quote icon
When missing children go silent, it’s a scream you cannot hear. Reach out to the AMBER Alert in Indian Country program nowto be prepared.
Joshua Keliikoa Public Safety Manager, Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians (California)
Quote image
Quote icon
AMBER Alert is the safety net for our children in danger. It’s our job and our responsibility to fight for them and be their voice.
Freddie Trujillo Chief, Pueblo of Pojoaque Police (New Mexico)
Quote image
Quote icon
How can we protect our children? How can we ensure the best response is made when a child is missing or kidnapped?
Jenelle Roybal Governor, Pueblo of Pojoaque (New Mexico)
Quote image
Quote icon
When a child goes missing I can see the hurt in their family’s eyes. That empowers our team to work quickly, and diligently, on their behalf.
Nathan Barton Major, Pueblo of Pojoaque Police (New Mexico)
Quote image
Quote icon
Just because nothing’s happened doesn’t mean it won’t. The wolf is at the door. And we need to help each other or we won’tsolve this problem.
Laurie Gonzalez Councilwoman, Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians (California)
Quote image
Quote icon
Being fortunate doesn’t alleviate the responsibility of having a comprehensive plan for prevention and response in place.
Taylor Patterson Deputy Chief, Miccosukee Police Department (Florida)
Quote image

'Telling Stories With Care, Authenticity & Dignity'

Photograph of five people involved in the film's production
The Bravebird crew in Santa Fe: Director Alex Miranda (far left), Director of Photography Ashley Siana, Director of Photography James Kwan, Sound Engineer Michael Twombly, and Producer Tim Peters. 

The new video’s director, Alex Miranda, and producer, Tim Peters, are the principals of Bravebird, an Indigenous-led filmmaking group based in Wisconsin that specializes in telling the stories of Indian Country.

“For us, and our families and communities, it’s important to share our stories with care, authenticity, and dignity," Miranda says.

One aspect of their work that shines through: “The land. Mother Earth,” he says. “She helps us realize that stories such as Ashlynne’s will never be forgotten.”

Bravebird was enlisted by the 6 AM Marketing team, also based in Wisconsin, for the care the group takes with delicate subject matter.

“Aaron [Hughes] and Laura [Fernandez] at 6 AM made this very easy,” Miranda says. “Everything was well thought through. We’re so complementary in our skills with each other. That just creates a very holistic experience.”

The goal was to create an emotional hook, front and center, explains 6 AM Creative Director Hughes. “That really starts with Pamela Foster [Ashlynne’s mother]. That’s what puts everybody in their seats paying attention at the start of this because of her experience,” he says. “Everything about her makes you pay attention.”

Foster was appreciative of the care that Bravebird and 6 AM crews devoted to helping her talk through the worst thing in life she has ever experienced: Ashlynne’s abduction and murder.

Says 6 AM Account Manager Laura Fernandez, “We had to make sure from the beginning that we had a deep understanding of Pamela's story, the [AATTAP-AIIC] program and the issues surrounding it, and the importance of those we would be speaking to—to try not to create the narrative,” she says. “It was a weight of emotional importance unlike anything I've ever done.”

Hughes adds: “We all felt like we were assembling something that could profoundly alter the course of someone’s life,” Hughes says. “If one child’s life can be spared because an AMBER Alert is in place, think of the ripple effect that will have. What a tremendous gift to participate in something like that.”

Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers is shown signing the Prince Act into law in March 2024

Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers signed dozens of bills in March that would invest $10 million in support of crime and human trafficking victims. A new formal partnership between Wisconsin Anti-Human Trafficking Task Force (WAHTTF) and the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Relatives (MMIWR) addresses the prevalence of human trafficking in Wisconsin’s Indigenous communities. In April, Wisconsin signed two new missing person alerts into law, an effort to strengthen the state’s existing AMBER Alert system. The Prince Act expands Wisconsin’s missing person alerts for children after the murders of 5-year-old Prince McCree in 2023 and 10-year-old Lily Peters in 2022. In both cases, law enforcement didn’t have enough information to satisfy the strict requirements for issuing an AMBER Alert. As part of the Act, a new Purple Alert includes missing children under age 10 and children under the age of 18 incapable of returning home without help due to a disability.

Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers said he is interested in creating a “Lily Alert” that could be used for a missing or abducted child – but with fewer criteria than an AMBER Alert. An online petition was started after 10-year-old Lily Peters was murdered by a 14-year-old boy. She was supposed to ride her bike home, and when she did not arrive, she was reported missing. An AMBER Alert was not issued because authorities didn’t have descriptive information about the suspect or the suspect’s vehicle. “I think we should look at that,” Evans said. “Clearly it’s not something that would cost a significant amount of money, and it seems a reasonable approach.”

The parents of a 21-year-old woman murdered by her husband is asking officials to create a “Bianca Alert” to help victims of domestic violence. Timothy Cox, stepfather of Bianca Vite, said the alert is needed because an AMBER Alert or Silver Alert could not be issued to help save his stepdaughter. County officials say they will continue to discuss the idea with Cox to see if the alert is feasible.

The Wisconsin legislature is considering creating a Purple Alert to help find missing and endangered domestic violence survivors. The law would eliminate any waiting period before law enforcement can issue a statewide notification with the missing person’s picture and information.

Florida lawmakers are considering a Purple Alert also; however, it would be used by law enforcement for a missing adult with a developmental disability. State Senator Lori Berman says she wants the alert in place after a man died while wandering away from a care center.

Wisconsin Attorney General Josh Kaul launched a new task force to help fight the abduction, homicide, violence, and trafficking of Native women in the state. The Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) Task Force will examine contributing factors to the crimes and focus on understanding the roles of federal, state, and tribal jurisdictions. The task force will also improve and implement data collection and reporting methods.

“The problem of violence against women and children and the disproportionate impact on Native women and communities is the responsibility of all of society to address,” said Kristin Welch, Menikanaehkem Women’s Leadership Cohort-MMIW Coordinator. “For meaningful long-term reform, we must look to solutions that are Indigenous-led while addressing both historical acts of violence against Indigenous women as well as those that still exist today within modern institutions.”

The Lake Mills Community Foundation in Wisconsin donated $19,490 for their local police department to buy automated license plate readers. The system will allow the Lake Mills police to identify stolen cars, cars linked to AMBER Alerts, and other crimes. Police are notified when the reader finds a license plate and why the car is wanted.

Wisconsin legislators have passed the “Green Alert” bill that would be used to find missing and vulnerable veterans. Senator LaTonya Johnson said it would be like the state's AMBER Alert and Silver Alert. The bill was inspired by a Wisconsin reserve sergeant who went missing last year during the spring.

Wisconsin has issued more than 100 Silver Alerts since the program began two years ago. The alerts are used for missing persons over the age of 60 and who suffer from Alzheimer’s or another cognitive disorder. The Silver Alerts appear on more than 3,700 lottery terminals across the state.

The Jefferson County Chiefs and Sheriff Association in Wisconsin recognized an Iowa man as the “2015 Citizen of the Year” after hearing an AMBER Alert and helping officers safely recover a 3-year-old Milwaukee girl. Authorities said a 32-year-old man forced the girl’s mother out of her car and drove off with the child still inside. Paul D. Smith was sitting in his hotel room when he saw the AMBER Alert on TV. He went out to the hotel parking lot and discovered the missing vehicle and called the sheriff’s department. Deputies arrested the suspect after he tried to flee his hotel room.

“My dad always said we are put on this earth to help one another and I try and honor him by doing that every time I get a chance,” said Smith at the awards ceremony. “I am so grateful and humbled that I was able to do that in your community and, with law enforcement, we were able to return a child to her home.”

Susan Whitehorse, center, is shown accepting an award.
Susan Whitehorse, center, is shown accepting an award.

Susan Whitehorse could hardly contain the good news. She just found out DNA tests had confirmed a Native American mother had found her missing daughter after a 30-year search. Whitehorse is the Wisconsin Missing Persons Clearinghouse Coordinator and AMBER Alert Coordinator and met the woman a few months earlier at a training event concerning exploited children in Indian Country.

“This mother talked to me about all the pain and sorrow she suffered because she did not know what happened to her daughter or if she was alive or dead,” said Whitehorse. “She said no one wanted to listen to hear her voice.”

Whitehorse started working with different agencies and found a woman who was living in Utah. The Native American woman's daughter was just two years old when she was taken to Mexico by her biological father. She eventually moved back to the U.S. but never stopped looking for her mother. Now that their DNA has been matched, a reunion is being planned for the mother, daughter and two granddaughters.

“We can get a lot more done than we could 30 years ago,” said Whitehorse.

This missing person case is a good example of what Whitehorse has been doing for about 35 years with the Wisconsin Department of Justice. Wisconsin has had 23 AMBER Alert activations with the safe recovery of 31 children. Whitehorse said training, developing a CART Program, knowing AMBER Alert coordinators in surrounding states, and the great partnership with all Wisconsin stakeholders ensures their AMBER Alert Plan is the most effective and efficient response to a child abduction.

Technology has also played a significant role in keeping Wisconsin's AMBER Alert Plan viable. The state uses the Wisconsin Crime Alert Network (WCAN), a web-based system which allows law enforcement agencies to send out AMBER Alerts and missing/endangered person advisories via email, cell phone text and fax. The system gives law enforcement the ability to send out a WCAN alert while waiting for an AMBER Alert to be approved.

Wisconsin is also one of 13 Midwestern states that participates in the Inter-State Enforcement Agencies to Recover Children (I-SEARCH), a network designed to aid in the identification and recovery of missing, exploited children, runaways, and human trafficking victims.

“There is a connection between human trafficking and the AMBER Alert,” said Whitehorse. She said more training is needed to identify child trafficking victims, especially children from tribal communities. “Native youth are impacted by threats that affect their physical and emotional well-being at a rate many times higher than that of non-native youth,” she said.

Whitehorse said her work is also inspired by meeting with victims' families. Many family members have sent her personal notes of thanks for her compassion and care during their times of crisis.

Whitehorse is married and has a son and daughter who remind her that all children are precious. “My children are my life,” she said. “I have been so very blessed.”


SUSAN WHITEHORSE
TIMELINE OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS

1999: Appointed Missing Persons Clearinghouse Coordinator.
2003: Set up the Wisconsin AMBER Alert Plan and named state AMBER Alert Coordinator; Wisconsin has had 23 activations with 31 children safely recovered.
2007: U.S. Department of Justice recognized her as Missing Child State Clearinghouse Coordinator of the Year.
2009: FBI honored her with a Community Leadership Award.
2010: Helped create Wisconsin Child Abduction Response Team.
2010: Joined U.S. Attorney's Human Trafficking Task Force.

Green Bay, Wisconsin, is now using a "Twitter-like" system to send AMBER Alerts. Officials plan to use Nixle to send information about AMBER Alerts, fires, school lockdowns, crimes, and safety tips. The public can also sign up to receive alerts only about their specific neighborhood.