By Denise Gee Peacock

Nearly 3,000 miles and three time zones away, Hawaii's AMBER Alert Coordinator Amanda Leonard faced a daunting task: A 6-year-old Big Island girl named Violet was missing, and the best hope of finding her was in Arizona.

The parental custodial-interference case did not meet Hawaii’s strict criteria for issuing a MAILE AMBER Alert, so Leonard expected her options in Arizona would be similarly limited to a be-on-the-lookout (BOLO) bulletin shared with law enforcement. What she didn’t expect was an opportunity that would change the trajectory of the search—and set a precedent for a brand-new alerting tool.

The Backstory
After Violet was reported missing July 16, 2025, investigators learned her noncustodial mother, Sarah C., had flown with her from Kona to Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. After that, the trail went cold.

By Tuesday, July 22, one fact was clear: Sarah had no legal authority to take Violet to the mainland. Investigators were increasingly concerned about the child’s safety.

To locate her Arizona counterpart, Leonard turned to the AMBERAdvocate.org Partner Portal, maintained by the AMBER Alert Training & Technical Assistance Program of the National Criminal Justice Training Center (NCJTC). Her call reached the Arizona Department of Public Safety (DPS) Duty Office just as DPS Alerts Coordinator Kelsey Commisso* was finishing her shift.

Leonard explained the situation. Hawaii was not requesting an AMBER Alert extension—no formal alert had been issued—but asked Arizona to circulate a BOLO to law enforcement. The FBI and Hawaii Police Department were already coordinating with Arizona investigators. And if Arizona had other ideas, she was open to them.

A New Option Emerges
From home, Commisso continued following the case as new details came in—and began to consider another possibility. Arizona had enacted the Turquoise Alert less than two weeks earlier. It had never been used. Could this case qualify?

There was already confusion about the new alert. Some assumed, based on its name, that it was limited to Indigenous missing persons. While that had been its original intent, the statute broadened during the legislative process to include all missing and endangered individuals under 65, while also recognizing the disproportionate impact of missing and murdered Indigenous people (MMIP).

The alert stems from “Emily’s Law,” Arizona House Bill 2281, created in memory of 14-year-old Emily Pike, a San Carlos Apache Tribal member found murdered after being reported missing in early 2025. The law was signed in May 2025 by Governor Katie Hobbs to improve responses to disappearances, particularly those involving Indigenous people.

Using the alert for a non-Native child—from as far away as Hawaii—would likely raise questions. But the criteria appeared to fit. Commisso called her supervisor, Sgt. Kim Love-Ness. They agreed: The case met the criteria and could be activated at Hawaii’s request.

Arizona's Turquoise Alert Criteria

The Arizona Department of Public Safety may issue a Turquoise Alert if the following criteria are met:

  1. The missing person is under age 65.
  2. Law enforcement has exhausted available local resources.
  3. Law enforcement believes the person is in danger or otherwise in peril.
  4. The disappearance involves unexplained or suspicious circumstances and is not solely a runaway situation (unless aggregating factors indicate danger).
  5. Public dissemination of information could assist in safe recovery.

“We saw this as a chance to find Violet,” Commisso says, “and to educate the public about who the alert is actually intended for.”

A Sleepless Call
After a restless night, Commisso called Leonard early the next morning—unaware it was 4:29 a.m. in Hawaii.

Leonard was awake. She hadn’t slept either.

The opportunity was real, but the decision belonged to Hawaii investigators. “It’s our alert,” Commisso explains, “but it’s their missing child case.”

Leonard relayed the option to Hawaii Police Department command staff and the FBI. There was no guarantee they would proceed.

“Just because an alert exists doesn’t mean activating it is the right call,” Commisso says. “An alert has to help, not hinder, an investigation.”

Hawaii ultimately agreed. Local leads were exhausted, and urgency was mounting. From that point on, Commisso and Leonard were in near-constant contact, navigating parallel chains of command across multiple time zones.

Their camaraderie wasn’t accidental. Both had attended the National AMBER Alert and AMBER Alert in Indian Country Symposium in Washington, D.C., earlier that year.

“Being connected through the NCJTC builds instant rapport,” Leonard says.

Arizona’s Turquoise Alert had gone live just six days before Violet was reported missing. Being its first activation carried weight. “It would be a huge responsibility,” Leonard recalls thinking, “one full of public scrutiny and media intensity.”

First Turquoise Alert Unfolds
On Wednesday, July 23, Hawaii Police Department leadership, working closely with the FBI, approved activation of Arizona’s Turquoise Alert.

“This is exactly what the Turquoise Alert is meant for—cases that don’t meet AMBER Alert criteria but demand urgency,” Commisso says. For example, Arizona had not issued an AMBER Alert since 2023. The threshold is intentionally high to avoid public desensitization. The gray space between “AMBER Alert” and “nothing at all” is where many cases fall—and where this alert was designed to operate.

Even before final approval, coordination was underway. Hawaii officials submitted documentation demonstrating the case met Arizona’s criteria. Leadership within Arizona’s DPS Counter Terrorism Information Center (Fusion Center), the Governor’s Office, public information offices in both states, transportation divisions, dispatch centers, and child abduction response teams were notified.

At 7:01 p.m. Arizona time, the Turquoise Alert was sent to more than 10 million cell phones statewide. Minutes later, media outlets were notified.

“Everything appeared to be working,” Commisso recalls. “Now we just needed the alert to help find Violet.”

She went to bed that night with her two cell phones within reach. Five hours later, one of them lit up.

Violet was safe. A public tip led law enforcement to a women’s shelter in Cottonwood, Arizona, where at approximately 12:45 a.m., officers were able to locate the girl and her mother.

Quote icon

We deeply respect the efforts of Governor Hobbs to provide critically needed public safety assistance for the 22 Tribes in Arizona. The new Turquoise Alert, also known as ‘Emily's Law,’ will advance safety in Arizona not only within Tribal communities, but through the State of Arizona. Over the years, Tribal communities have faced the crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous persons without advanced emergency systems in place and we see the Turquoise Alert as a proactive step in the right direction.

Paul Russell President, Inter Tribal Council of Arizona
Quote image

Sarah C. was taken into custody without incident on a felony custodial-interference warrant. Violet was soon reunited with her custodial father.

After the Adrenaline
“When I got the text that she’d been found, I teared up,” Commisso says. “There was such relief. The adrenaline lasted for days.”

“It’s euphoric,” Leonard adds. “You’re happy for the child, the left-behind parent, and everyone who helped bring them home.”

Commisso and Leonard had been in constant contact through the formation and dissemination of the Turquoise Alert and realized by now they shared a unique bond with each other.

In the hours that followed came media questions, public scrutiny, and continued education about what the Turquoise Alert is—and is not. But in that moment, none of it outweighed the outcome: The system had worked.

Arizona’s first Turquoise Alert did more than help locate a missing child. It defined a new tool in real time, clarified its purpose, and demonstrated what can happen when two states—separated by thousands of miles and three time zones—trust each other enough to act. In the gray space between “AMBER Alert” and “nothing at all,” a precedent had been set—and a child was home.

*Editor's Note: As of press time, Commisso was recently named Supervisor within the Arizona Counter Terrorism Information Center, where she continues to oversee its emergency alerting program.

Meet the Press: Three Tips for Alert Coordinators

Woman speaking in front of an Arizona Department of Public Safety
Kelsey Commisso at the Turquoise Alert press conference.

When Arizona DPS Alerts Coordinator Kelsey Commisso stepped to the podium, it was her first live media event of that magnitude. “It was a room full of major news outlets—microphones on, cameras rolling, bright lights, rapid-fire questions,” she recalls. “Rather than relying on rigid scripting, I focused on staying grounded, present, and intentional.” Here is her advice from that day.

  • Pause First. Listen Fully. Actively listen to what is being asked—not what you think is being asked—and take a breath before answering. Pausing prevents speculation and over-sharing.
  • Be Human—But Stay Rooted in Truth. Balance professionalism with
    relatability. Authenticity builds trust when grounded in facts.
  • Protect the Investigation Without Shutting Out the Public. Transparency and investigative integrity are not mutually exclusive. Defer case-specific details when necessary while communicating with empathy and clarity.

WATCH COMMISSO'S PRESS BRIEFING

Ohio Gov. DeWine holding up Joshua Alert Act at signing ceremony surrounded by Joshua's family.

Ohio enacted House Bill 359 officially established the Joshua Alert system to accelerate the search for missing children with autism or developmental disabilities. Governor Mike DeWine signed the legislation on June 18, 2026. The mandate honors 6-year-old Joshua Al-Lateef Jr., a nonverbal autistic child who tragically drowned in 2024. The new statute legally redefines a "credible threat of immediate danger" to explicitly include children who are nonverbal, possess limited communication skills, or lack the capacity to seek help. Importantly, the law removes previous waiting periods. It legally requires local police to request a statewide emergency alert immediately upon confirming the disappearance of a vulnerable youth under age 18.

The Joshua Alert law adds clarity to imminent danger criteria by explicitly defining a child’s inability to communicate verbally or seek help as a legally recognized immediate threat. Consequently, law enforcement must immediately notify the statewide alert system without any waiting period once the disappearance of an autistic or developmentally disabled child under 18 is confirmed.

Understanding the behavioral precursors of autistic children is vital for successful search operations. The factual testimony supporting the bill highlights that children with autism are 160 times more likely to wander away and face drowning risks compared to their neurotypical peers. Because water is often sought for its calming sensory effects, operational protocols should prioritize searching nearby bodies of water first.

Furthermore, missing autistic youth may actively avoid loud noises, flashing lights, and large crowds due to sensory processing sensitivities. They might not respond to their own names being called and may hide from well-meaning searchers. The rapid deployment of the Joshua Alert ensures that localized information reaches the community faster, enabling specialized, quiet search grids before a child wanders further into environmental hazards.

Key Findings

  • Governor Mike DeWine signed House Bill 359 into law on June 18, 2026, officially creating the statewide Joshua Alert.

  • The legislation legally mandates immediate statewide alert activation for missing children under 18 with autism or developmental disabilities, removing previous waiting periods.

  • The law redefines "credible threat" to explicitly include individuals who are nonverbal or lack the capacity to communicate and seek safety.

  • Search operations for autistic youth should prioritize checking water sources first and account for sensory sensitivities when conducting searches.

Sources

  • Spectrum Local News (June 18, 2026): Joshua Alert legislation signed by governor (Link)

  • OhioHouse.gov (June 22, 2026): Rep. Thomas Announces Signing of Joshua Alert Act into Law (Link)

  • TrackBill.com (June 26, 2026): HB359 | Ohio 2025-2026 | Regards emergency Joshua Alert system for certain missing kids (Link)

 

Florida Department of Law Enforcement logo

Florida issued its first Spectrum Alert on July 1, during the search for a 17-year-old from DeLand. The statewide alert system is designed to rapidly notify the public about missing children with autism spectrum disorder. While the alert successfully tested the new broadcast infrastructure, it was not responsible for providing the leads that located the teen. Instead, investigators found the youth safely at his biological mother’s house. The incident was connected to an active child custody dispute, and authorities stated the mother is facing pending charges for interfering with child custody.

The inaugural activation of the Florida Spectrum Alert successfully demonstrated the mechanical infrastructure needed to quickly notify a statewide audience and provided an opportunity to educate the public on the new alert. Established to address the specific vulnerabilities of missing children with autism, the system aims to mobilize communities rapidly. While the broadcast in this specific event did not generate the investigative lead that resolved the case, it proved that the system can function as intended when requested by local agencies.

Understanding the context of a disappearance is critical in missing child investigations. In this case, the underlying issue was a custody dispute rather than a random abduction or a wandering incident. Even so, parental abductions and custody interferences can carry significant risks. When a child has a developmental condition like autism, any disruption in their routine or environment can elevate the danger level, justifying a heightened emergency response.

The Holly Hill Police Department effectively utilized traditional investigative techniques alongside the new alert protocol. Following standard procedures to check with known family members led investigators directly to the biological mother's home.

Key Findings

  • Florida issued its first-ever Spectrum Alert on July 1, for a missing 17-year-old with autism.

  • The alert tested the new broadcast system and provided an opportunity for public awareness, but it did not generate the leads that located the child.

  • The teen was found safe at his biological mother's home following standard investigative work.

  • The incident stemmed from a custody dispute, and the mother is facing pending charges for interference with child custody.

Sources

  • Fox 35 Orlando (July 1, 2026): First-ever Florida Spectrum Alert issued: 17-year-old boy found safe, chief says (Link)

  • News 6 (July 1, 2026): 1st-ever 'Spectrum Alert' canceled after missing Central Florida teen is found (Link)

Michigan Gov. Whitmer signing Rowan Act.

Michigan enacted the Rowan Act through House Bills 4517 and 4518 to modernize state AMBER Alert operations following the tragic death of 6-year-old Rowan Morey. The landmark legislation eliminates strict, mandatory abduction criteria, granting law enforcement the authority to activate broadcasts whenever a preliminary investigation indicates a missing child is in imminent danger. Named after a victim lost during a delayed custody exchange, the statute expands alert protections to non-custodial disputes, runaway scenarios involving vulnerable youth, and special-needs individuals under age 26. Additionally, the mandate officially incorporates social media platforms into the state broadcast framework. This statutory update grants discretionary authority to launch emergency notifications during high-risk missing child incidents, when the AMBER Alert criteria is not met.

Statutory restrictions historically limited AMBER Alert activations to confirmed parental or stranger abductions. Case evidence demonstrated that significant risk can emerge outside traditional abduction definitions, particularly during contested custody exchanges, domestic disputes, and delayed child returns. The enactment of the Rowan Act establishes a broader legal foundation by allowing emergency broadcasts when investigative facts indicate a child faces immediate harm.
Authorized personnel can now request emergency alerts based on preliminary threat assessments rather than waiting for conclusive evidence of a physical kidnapping.
Targeted protections now cover highly vulnerable demographics, including individuals under age 26 with documented special needs. Speech impairments, cognitive disabilities, and developmental conditions diminish a missing person's ability to navigate danger or call for assistance. Broadening alert definitions helps facilitate timely public notifications when specialized assistance is required.
Modernizing information distribution avenues enhances public reach across local communities. Statutory changes authorize the Michigan State Police to utilize official social media networks alongside traditional radio and television broadcasts. Multi-channel dissemination increases visual awareness among citizens, and supports overall recovery efforts during high-risk missing person events.

Key Findings

  • The Rowan Act expands AMBER Alert criteria beyond strict abduction definitions to include missing children facing imminent harm. 
  • Authorized personnel can now trigger alerts following preliminary risk assessments without waiting for abduction confirmation. 
  • Special-needs protections extend emergency alert eligibility to qualified individuals under the age of 26. 
  • Emergency broadcast mandates now officially integrate digital platforms and social media distribution channels alongside broadcast media. 

Sources

  • WZZM 13 (July 23, 2026): 'Rowan Act' signed into law expands Amber Alert reach in Michigan (Link) 
  • Michigan House Republicans Press Release (July 23, 2026): Gov. Whitmer signs Rowan Act into law (Link) 
  • Michigan House Republicans Press Release (Sept 4, 2025): Rowan Act to modernize Amber Alerts passes House (Link)

"Even if I knew that tomorrow the world would go to pieces, I would still plant my apple tree," says Mary Jo Margeson, program manager for the Washington State Patrol's Missing and Unidentified Persons Unit (MUPU). As the AMBER Alert coordinator and clearinghouse manager for Washington's Region 5, Margeson navigates the relentless and emotionally taxing daily influx of missing persons cases — a list that never seems to get shorter, made up of repeat runaways, presumed-deceased cases, and the unidentified. It's a job that can feel impossible. It's also one she wouldn't trade.


Mary Jo Margeson is the AMBER Alert Coordinator and Missing Persons Clearinghouse Manager for Washington state, Region 5, and program manager for the Washington State Patrol's Missing and Unidentified Persons Unit.

From Dispatch to the Clearinghouse 

Margeson grew up in Oregon and moved to Washington at 20. Her path into missing persons work started in 2018, when she joined the Washington State Patrol as a 911 call taker and dispatcher. After about three years, she moved into the Criminal Records Division, then into the Investigative Assistance Division as an intelligence analyst — home to MUPU. About a year later, she stepped into her current role as MUPU program manager. 

"I had very limited knowledge about MUPU at the time," she says. "I don't think anyone can fully understand what my unit does until you're in it. We are so much more than a group of people activating alerts." 

Law enforcement offered Margeson career stability. What she didn't expect was to find her calling within it — including the chance to work alongside her agency's Missing and Exploited Children's Task Force, which targets the state's worst offenders. 

A Special Kind of Person 

Ask Margeson what it takes to do this work, and she doesn't sugarcoat it. "It takes a special kind of crazy person to tolerate this work," she says, only half-joking. "All day, every day, my team and I are seeing names of missing people. The list never seems to get smaller." Repeat runaways. People presumed deceased. Cases in between. And a separate list of the unidentified. It can be exhausting, she says, knowing that no matter how much the team pours into the work, the number of missing keeps climbing and people remain unidentified. 

Correcting the Record on AMBER Alerts 

Ask Margeson about the biggest misconception in her field, and she doesn't hesitate: that every missing child case should trigger an AMBER Alert. 

"We're fortunate in Washington because we have a secondary alert that nearly every child could qualify for — the Endangered Missing Person Advisory," she says. The public, she adds, often doesn't realize alerts can't be issued the moment a child is reported missing. Her team acts at the discretion of the investigating agency, which has its own required steps to work through first. "People are questioning why my team didn't activate an alert sooner, but the truth is there are steps that must be taken prior to our involvement — for good reason." 

That gap between public expectation and process is also her hardest daily challenge. MUPU doesn't drive the investigations themselves, which means families searching for answers are often referred back to the investigating agency. "I can't save or find everyone, and that's a reality I have to accept because I can't change it." 

A Case That Reshaped Her Approach 

When asked about a case that stands out, Margeson points to the Decker case — a set of circumstances no alert could have changed, she says, but one that changed how her team communicates. In the aftermath, she faced intense public scrutiny over how the alert process was handled. 

"It was so hard to read the horrible things people were saying, but those weeks reshaped how I deal with the public and the media during subsequent events," she says. The team spent weeks re-examining and redesigning how alerts are written, aiming for the clearest, most concise message possible. "You can't ask for the public's help if you aren't painting a clear picture of what you're looking for — without needing the full case details, and while respecting the privacy of the missing person and their loved ones." 

Staying in the Work 

For coordinators wondering how to keep going when the list keeps growing, Margeson comes back to the same mantra that opens this piece: it's not about solving everything in a day, she says, it's about making a difference where you can. "Any little thing has the potential to help at least one family." 

Off the clock, she's intentional about staying present with her kids, whether that's baseball practice or whatever's next on their schedule. She also leans on physical activity — heavy lifting and long walks, usually early in the morning before the world wakes up. "It's the best way I've found to remove distractions and give myself that much-needed 'me time.'"


Connect with the Mary Jo Margeson through the Portal.

 

 

Children abducted from unregistered Nigerian orphanage

A recent operation in Kogi State, Nigeria, resulted in the successful recovery of 23 abducted children and two adults from an unregistered orphanage. Gunmen initially seized the victims from the Daarul-Kitab Islamic Orphanage in a remote location. Security forces immediately rescued 15 children. Following a sustained search, the Nigerian Army's 12 Brigade safely recovered the remaining seven children and two adults from the Agbaja Forest. The incident highlights critical vulnerabilities associated with unregistered facilities operating outside official oversight. Post-recovery actions included sealing the facility pending an investigation to ensure child safety. This case demonstrates the absolute necessity of swift, coordinated multi-agency response protocols in mitigating mass-abduction scenarios and securing the safe return of highly vulnerable victims.

The orphanage was operating illegally in a remote area without the knowledge of relevant security agencies. This created a vulnerability that allowed gunmen to easily access the victims.

Initial rapid response efforts by security forces secured the release of 15 children shortly after the abduction. Following this action, the 12 Brigade of the Nigerian Army executed a continuous search operation. This sustained pressure led to the safe recovery of the remaining seven children and two adult females from the dense Agbaja Forest. The swift military intervention denied the captors the time needed to relocate the victims or successfully negotiate ransoms.

State authorities immediately sealed the unregistered orphanage to safeguard other children and facilitate a thorough investigation. Officials are now requiring similar facilities to undergo proper registration and security evaluations, demonstrating a clear legal shift to close security gaps.

Key Findings

  • Unregistered and isolated facilities present significant vulnerabilities that criminal groups easily exploit for mass abductions.

  • Immediate, coordinated deployment of security forces disrupted the captors' timeline, resulting in the rapid initial rescue of 15 children.

  • Sustained military search operations in challenging physical terrains, such as the Agbaja Forest, were critical to recovering the remaining victims.

  • Administrative closure and mandatory registration of the targeted facility prevent immediate re-victimization and establish stricter security baselines.

Sources

  • Federal Ministry of Information & National Orientation (May 6, 2026): Kogi Government Confirms Rescue Of All Abducted Lokoja Orphanage Victims (Link)

  • Associated Press (May 7, 2026): Nigerian army rescues 7 children and 2 women abducted from an orphanage last month (Link)

  • News Central TV (May 7, 2026): Nine Kidnapped Victims Freed From Kogi Islamic Orphanage (Link)

 

Composite of 4 people arrested in human trafficking operation in Hillsborough County Florida

Between January and February 2026, the Hillsborough County Sheriff’s Office conducted a multi-week undercover operation that led to 89 arrests and more than 1,200 felony charges. The effort targeted individuals attempting to sexually exploit children. Detectives utilized fake profiles and chat applications to intercept suspects who believed they were communicating with minors. The operation successfully recovered a missing 17-year-old girl and a 2-year-old child following a critical cyber tip. Law enforcement collaborated with multiple state agencies and victim support organizations, such as Selah Freedom and One More Child, to ensure the rescued victims received immediate care.

The digital trail, including tracking ride-share logistics, proved vital in executing these arrests and rescuing the children safely. Suspects routinely arranged logistics, including the use of ride-share services, which left a clear digital trail. Following this digital footprint allowed law enforcement to identify and locate suspects directly at their residences. Detectives acting as decoys on chat applications successfully intercepted predators before they could reach victims.

Success in these operations relied heavily on cross-agency coordination. Local units partnered with the Florida Department of Children and Families and the Florida Department of Corrections to track suspects on probation.

Immediate integration of non-governmental victim support organizations ensured that recovered children received necessary psychological and emotional care right away. Providing immediate post-recovery care can help prevent further trauma for the rescued minors.

Key Findings

  • Digital decoys and fake profiles effectively intercepted suspects attempting to negotiate meetings and commercial transactions involving children.

  • A cyber tip directly triggered the immediate identification of a suspect and the safe recovery of a sleeping two-year-old victim.

  • Suspects frequently relied on modern logistics, such as ride-share platforms, creating digital footprints that facilitated quick arrests.

  • Dedicated human trafficking detectives successfully located and rescued a missing 17-year-old who was actively being exploited.

  • Immediate post-recovery support was established by partnering with specialized victim service groups to assist the rescued minors.

Sources

  • Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office Press Release (Mar 3, 2026): 89 Arrested in Human Trafficking Operation (Link)

  • FOX 13 News (Mar 3, 2026): Toddler, missing teen saved in Hillsborough undercover human trafficking sting ending with 89 arrests: HCSO (Link)

 

Portrait of Jessika Svengard over the Seattle skyline with cloud gray sky.
By Denise Gee Peacock

Jessika Svendgard was 15 and barefoot as she ran toward the frenetic parking lot of Seattle’s King County Jail in March 2010. She had escaped captivity and repeated sexual assault, and a taxi driver had dropped her there believing it was a police station.

She told the first officer she saw her name, that she had been missing for 10 days, and that she needed to call her mother. The officer handed her his phone. No questions. No report. No pause long enough to see what stood in front of him.

Hours later, Jessika and her mother sat in a hospital anticipating a sexual assault examination. “We won’t be doing any forensic work; she’s had too many partners,” the doctor told them. Jessika was given a pamphlet on domestic violence and sent home.

“I definitely didn’t feel seen,” Jessika says. “I didn’t feel like anyone really cared.”

Both professional oversights fed into Jessika reconnecting with Candace, a woman from a homeless youth shelter who had befriended her—and who had, Jessika now understands, been grooming her all along. “Even though Candace was responsible for taking me to the men who first abused me, the fact that she understood and seemed to feel bad about everything made me think she was the only one who got what I was going through,” Jessika recalls. “She listened. She wasn’t freaked out. She wasn’t uncomfortable.” It felt like healing.

Within weeks, Candace proposed a plan—Greyhound tickets to California, a new start—and Jessika left home again, this time pulled not by anger but by a manufactured sense of belonging.

California never materialized. Candace robbed and beat her, leaving Jessika injured, barely clothed, and alone on the street. She was taken in by a man named Baruti, who presented himself as a protector. Within days he had introduced trafficking.

That distinction, Jessika says, is one of the most misunderstood elements of trafficking: “It doesn’t always look scary. It doesn’t always look forced.”

Before any of this, the ninth grader had been a straight-A student and soccer champion in the Seattle suburb of Auburn, Washington. “Each time I was gone I felt increasingly tainted, unlovable,” she says. “It became a vicious circle.”

Telling It Like It Is

Jessika’s story is not just about surviving sex trafficking; it’s a case study in missed opportunities. Whenever she can, she tells it during child sex trafficking (CST) classes conducted by the AMBER Alert Training & Technical Assistance Program (AATTAP) of the National Criminal Justice Training Center (NCJTC)—discussing every point where more attentive or empathetic law enforcement could have helped her break free.

A few months into her trafficking, Jessika and Baruti were pulled over for questioning in a known trafficking corridor in downtown Seattle. “There I was, looking every bit of 15, traveling with a guy twice my age—and a large bag of condoms visible on the backseat,” she recalls. The officers accepted the explanation that she was his girlfriend. One even joked about the condoms. “I remember thinking, how are you not connecting this. Is this how easy it is to commit crimes in front of police officers?”

Later, she was arrested on a trespassing charge after a vice sting at a hotel and held for six hours in lingerie, without anyone offering so much as a jacket. Officers spent hours trying to determine whether she was a missing person—but because her case had never been entered into the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database when her mother called to report her missing, her photo wasn’t in the system. They never identified her. Baruti was waiting outside when she was released.

The trespass paperwork she walked out with—bearing a false name—became proof of a false identity. “I’m officially 18. I’ll never be found,” she realized.

What Officers Need to Understand

Blaine Phillips, a Special Agent with the Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation’s Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force, makes Jessika’s story a focal point of his AATTAP-NCJTC training. His core message: “There’s no such thing as a safe runaway. It’s a missing, endangered child.” Children run toward a groomer or away from abuse; either way, they are in danger the moment they leave. He frames the myth that victims “choose” prostitution just as directly: “It’s not that they’re not a child sex trafficking victim; it’s that we’re a decade late in getting to them.”

Fellow AATTAP-NCJTC instructor Heidi Chance—a former Phoenix police officer who spent more than 16 years investigating sex trafficking and has interviewed an estimated 1,000 or more victims—notes that Phoenix did not begin training officers on human trafficking until 2014. “In 1998, when I was in the police academy, I never had a class on human trafficking,” Chance says. “So you have a whole bunch of cops out there who have never learned about any of this, and the pimps are bragging that we don’t see them.”

During her classes she often plays a video of a trafficker doing exactly that to make the point hit home. Both instructors stress the psychology traffickers exploit. Many children they target come from foster care, neglect, or abuse; the trafficker may be the first person who ever showed them consistent affection—manufactured, yes, but real to the child experiencing it.

Chance puts the psychology of control starkly: “A pimp is the most reliable person you’ll ever meet. If they say they’re going to beat you up, you can count on that. That’s why victims are trapped.”

What Right Looks Like

The break from trafficking came not from a dramatic moment of disclosure but from a quiet act of desperation. Alone for a moment with Baruti’s computer, Jessika logged into her mother’s email account and deleted everything—then composed one message:

“It’s me. I love you. You’re never going to want me back. Don’t worry about me anymore.”

Her parents brought that draft to a detective. The IP address was traced to Backpage.com postings. Meanwhile a Bellevue Police Department officer who had encountered Jessika during a shoplifting run-in had quietly been building a case—obtaining warrants, confirming her identity from old Facebook posts, connecting the dots to where Baruti was advertising her online. He reached out to the Seattle Police Department Vice Unit.

Bill Guyer in Kent Police uniform.
Washington Detective Bill Guyer

Detective Bill Guyer got the call at home, tired after a long day, and by his own admission took it with a bad attitude. What happened next changed everything.

At the hotel, the undercover detective who met Jessika had no shoes on, which was strange enough for her to drop her guard. When they reached the room, he casually opened a drawer. There she could see his badge and gun.

“Jessika, we found you,” he said. She hadn’t heard her real name in months. This startled her, but she fell back into her trained persona. Then more officers arrived—and Guyer walked in.

While wearing lingerie, Jessika was calling Guyer every name she had learned on the street. He moved her handcuffs to the front. He draped his jacket over her shoulders. And once in his vehicle, he asked—asked—before reaching across her to buckle her seatbelt.

“I still remember him making sure I was comfortable—and his simple acts of humanity,” Jessika says. “Like I was a person. Like I was a kid. Like I was fragile.”

She kept throwing insults. He kept his composure—not in an aloof way, but with the quiet confidence of someone who could see past her performance to the child underneath. “At one point I told her, ‘Look, I can’t be all those things you’re calling me,’” Guyer recalls. “‘Pick one or two and stick with them. Otherwise you’re just losing your impact.’”

Talking the Talk

Years after Jessika’s rescue, Guyer came across a line in a business leadership book that stopped him cold: “People respond more to how you feel about them than what you say.” He’s used it ever since, in every trafficking case, in every conversation with younger officers.

His practical guidance: slow down, go at the victim’s pace, and start with basic needs—food, warmth, a jacket—before questions. He describes swinging through a McDonald’s drive-through at midnight, not because it’s ideal, but because something shifts when you sit and eat together. “These girls are not eating well, not sleeping well,” he says. “Start with the necessities. If they’re obstinate, they’re probably tired and cold. Try to go at their pace.”

Guyer remembers that night not as a hero moment but as a reminder of what is possible when an officer decides, even while tired, to actually care. “I’d like to say that I’m that way every day,” he says. “Some days I’m not. Two in the morning, dealing with a ton of things, you just want to go home. Then I wonder why an interview went nowhere. Because they could tell that I wasn’t into it.”

Phillips adds a case study he returns to often in training: a 14-year- old trafficking victim who was the most hostile witness he had ever encountered. With patience and time away from the trafficker’s control, she became one of the best. Her testimony led to 12 felony convictions, including 11 buyers. “Don’t let a rough first encounter define the whole case,” he says. “Get what you can the day of recovery. Then do follow-up interviews.”

Advocates Make an Impact

Recovery, Jessika says, didn’t happen in a single moment. It happened because of people who stayed in the process long after the arrest was made. A victim advocate named Noel—herself a survivor of 15 years of trafficking—gave Jessika something she hadn’t found elsewhere: being understood without judgment.

When Jessika said she’d run again if sent home, Noel listened. Within days she had arranged placement in a group home with other trafficking survivors—a soft landing for someone who had been running at full speed.

Chance points to embedded advocates as one of the most systemic changes law enforcement can make. The Phoenix Police Department now assigns one directly to its Human Exploitation and Trafficking Unit. “Even if a victim doesn’t want to talk to law enforcement, the advocate can take them confidentially aside and talk to them about getting resources,” she says. “That is huge.”

The threat landscape keeps shifting. Chance notes the average entry age into sex trafficking has fallen to 13, and she recently helped recover an 11-year-old. Groomers no longer lurk near shelters; they work social media and online gaming platforms. Her book, Talk to Them, was written to bring parents into the conversation before law enforcement ever needs to be.

Be the Difference

Jessika’s trafficker was the first person convicted under Washington state’s commercial sex abuse of a minor statute. He received 26.5 years and was required to register as a sex offender. Jessika testified in two separate trials, helping put away not only him but a man who had posed as a police officer to assault her and others. And in 2018 she became part of the effort to bring down Backpage.com (detailed in the documentary I Am Jane Doe).

She and her mother now consult for the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children and volunteer with its Team HOPE program, supporting young survivors of trafficking, sexual abuse material, and sextortion. Both are also AATTAP-NCJTC Associates who bring their family’s story to training rooms whenever possible. And by the end of each session, Phillips says, “everyone wants to be Bill [Guyer].” Guyer attended Jessika’s wedding. He is the godfather of her eldest daughter. “You can be the hero in someone’s story, even through what can seem like a small action,” Phillips tells officers. “See the kid in front of you instead of just another case.”

“My faith in law enforcement has never wavered,” Jessika says. “I know that if you were faced with a situation like I was put in, you would make the difference for someone. I can see that just by you being present.”

What the Research—and Jessika—Want You to Know

Two HSI officers approach a distressed woman sitting on a floor mattress in a dim room; one extends a comforting hand.Consider the key takeaways for law enforcement from AATTAP-NCJTC child sex trafficking training.

  • There is no such thing as a safe runaway. Every missing child should be considered a missing, endangered child.
  • Notice what is in front of you. Age disparity. Inappropriate clothing for the weather or situation. Visible condoms. These are not unrelated details. Connect the dots.
  • NCIC entry is not optional. Trafficking survivor Jessika Svendgard was held for six hours at a police station while officers tried to determine if she was missing—and never identified her, because her case had never been entered into the database. The trespass paperwork she walked out with became proof of a false identity. A missed entry can close every door.
  • Separate the child from the adult. A girl will not tell you the truth with her trafficker standing next to her. Find a reason, however low-key, to speak with her alone. She may not volunteer anything, but the dynamic shifts the moment he is out of earshot.
  • Grooming looks like love. Traffickers target children from foster care, neglect, and abuse—kids for whom the trafficker may be the first consistent source of attention and affection. “It doesn’t always look scary,” Jessika says. “It doesn’t always look forced.” Understanding why a child is loyal to their exploiter is the first step to reaching them.
  • Go at their pace, not yours. Patrol interviews are often rapid-fire, says Special Agent Blaine Phillips. Trafficking victims require a different rhythm. Ask less. Listen more. Follow their lead. You may only get 30% of the story the first time, but that is still progress.
  • They can read you. Act accordingly. “These girls are expert at reading people,” says Detective Bill Guyer. “If you go in thinking, ‘let’s just get this one over with’—that opinion is going to come out.” Victims will not open up to someone who doesn’t care, and they will know immediately whether you do. Your attitude is part of your technique.
  • Start with basic needs, not questions. Food. Warmth. A jacket. Something to drink. Before the interview, before the paperwork, meet the basic needs first. Guyer describes pulling through a McDonald’s drive-through at midnight not because it’s protocol, but because something shifts when you sit and eat together. The walls come down.
  • Avoid ‘gotcha!’ moments. Harsh treatment confirms every suspicion a victim has about law enforcement. But yielding too easily produces whatever answer gets them out the door fastest. When something doesn’t add up, don’t confront it; note it. Say something like, “That doesn’t really make sense based on what you told me earlier. We’ll come back to it.” She will know you caught her in a lie without feeling like less of a person. Trust builds.
  • An embedded advocate changes outcomes. Even when a victim won’t speak to law enforcement, an advocate assigned to the unit can engage them on another level, connecting them to housing, transportation, and services without first requiring cooperation, notes Detective Heidi Chance. The Phoenix Police Department now assigns one directly to the unit. It works.
  • Go beyond the victim’s testimony. Victims recant. Traffickers control their story. Corroborate everything you can: cell phones, computers, hotel receipts, GPS records, surveillance footage, bank records, social media activity, medical records. The more evidence you build independent of the victim’s testimony, the stronger the case—and the less she has to face him alone.

Know the Numbers

Missing-child data is not trafficking data, but for law enforcement, it is often where trafficking first appears. "Missing doesn't always mean trafficked but trafficked often starts with missing," says AATTAP-NCJTC Curriculum Manager Cathy Delapaz.

  • In 2025, the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) assisted with more than 32,000 reports of missing children. Of those, 1 in 7 were likely victims of child sex trafficking.
  • Most victims of child sex trafficking are forced into it from the ages of 12 to 14.
  • 323,767 missing person records involving juveniles under 18 were entered into the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) database in 2025, accounting for roughly 65% of all missing person entries nationwide; 94.9% were coded as runaways. By year's end, 21,487 juveniles were still listed as actively missing.
  • Roughly 74% of missing child/runaway cases reported to NCMEC in 2025 were ages 15 to 17. This demographic is targeted most aggressively by traffickers for "grooming" before the physical trafficking begins.
  • 17% of the reports of children missing from child welfare to NCMEC in 2025 were likely victims of child sex trafficking.
  • In 2025, NCMEC received more than 113,500 reports of possible child sex trafficking, a 323% increase from 2024.
  • Boys are as likely as girls to be sex trafficked. However, they are less likely to be identified and reported.

A note about the data: The REPORT Act's strengthened standards give NCMEC a more accurate picture of online child sex trafficking. Prior to the Act in 2023, platforms submitted 8,480 CyberTipline reports. By 2025, the first full year of implementation, reports surged to 105,877, a 1,100% increase, demonstrating the profound impact of expanded reporting requirements.

Chart Your Course

AATTAP offers a variety of courses to bolster your knowledge of child sex trafficking (CST) investigations. Jessika Svendgard  often provides her survivor perspective during the one- and two-day classroom or live online instructor-led courses.

CST Investigations: Strategies to Increase Prosecutions  2 days; classroom or live online instructor-led
Learn about CST’s complexities, mastering trauma-informed victim interviews and strategic suspect interrogations to navigate legal hurdles. This course is valuable for law enforcement, system advocates and prosecution.

CST for First Responders 1 day; classroom or live online instructor-led
Learn to deconstruct CST incidents and identify common encounter scenarios. Master victim-centered contact practices, secure vital initial evidence, and develop actionable response plans.

CST for Law Enforcement 1 day; classroom or live online instructor-led
Investigating child sex trafficking requires understanding the business model and the roles of traffickers, accomplices, and buyers. This training examines the evidence needed to build effective cases and details the distinct interview strategies for victims, abusers, and traffickers.

CST and 911 Communicators: Recognize and Rescue webinar on demand
911 telecommunicators are the first responders in child sex trafficking. This webinar explores CST’s hidden nature, teaching dispatchers to identify relevant calls and take critical steps to ensure victim rescue and informed officer dispatch.

A CPS Perspective: Missing and Trafficked, Detecting CST Without Disclosure webinar on demand
Child Protective Services (CPS) workers: explore your jurisdiction in trafficking cases and why children go missing. Learn to identify indicators, navigate non-disclosure, and collaborate with law enforcement to protect and support recovered victims effectively.

The CST Suspect Interview: Obtaining the Confession webinar on demand
Confront manipulative child sex traffickers in the interview room. Learn to recognize personality types, dismantle defenses, and secure confessions. Master techniques that turn their own words into evidence to hold them accountable for exploitation.

CST Investigations: 5 Things to Strengthen Law Enforcement and Advocacy Partnerships webinar on demand
Balance law enforcement and advocacy in CST investigations. Explore diverse perspectives, identify five core values for successful partnerships, and hear a victim’s account of the life-changing impact of collaborative, advocacy-led investigation teams.

CST and First Responders — Part 1: Identifying and Securing Early-Stage Evidence webinar on demand
Successful CST investigations rely on identifying and preserving critical early-stage evidence. Learn to locate key evidence, apply proper collection methods, and strengthen decision-making to disrupt exploitation and support successful prosecutions.

CST and First Responders — Part 2: Critical First Contact With Victims webinar on demand
First contact shapes the trajectory of child sex trafficking investigations. Learn to define victim-centered engagement, recognize trauma indicators, and master approaches that build trust, support recovery, and ensure successful prosecutions while minimizing re-traumatization.

Strategic Victim Interviewing in CST Cases webinar on demand
Differentiate field-based and investigative child sex trafficking interviews, adapt strategies for unplanned encounters, apply a four-phase response framework, and use trauma-informed practices that protect victims, preserve evidence, and address trafficker-related public safety threats.

 

 

 

Father and two children take a selfy while flying on a commercial airline

The safe recovery of four missing children abducted to Croatia underscores the critical role of international legal frameworks for international parental child abduction cases. The children were located in a foreign orphanage approximately two months after their mother fled the U.S. in November. Success was driven by a combination of Hague Convention applications, the hiring of local Croatian counsel, and a successful GoFundMe mobilization to fund the complex retrieval. This case highlights that when a suspect crosses international borders, immediate interagency intelligence sharing and engaging specialized legal resources are the most effective tools for ensuring a successful, safe return to the rightful guardian.

 

Group portrait of Operation Red Zone team

A specialized multiagency operation in Las Vegas successfully recovered 12 missing children Feb. 2-6, 2026. The operation’s efficiency—recovering over 50% of targeted missing leads within five days—highlights the efficacy of a multi-agency operation. Success was achieved by embedding non-profit experts from F.R.E.E. International directly into the Nevada Human Trafficking Task Force, allowing for real-time intelligence sharing and immediate wrap-around survivor services. This victim-centered model emphasizes that pre-existing community partnerships drastically compress recovery windows. By utilizing intelligence-driven leads rather than static searches, authorities successfully transitioned children from endangerment to secure environments, providing a scalable operational blueprint for rapid-response teams nationwide.

 

DNA testing device and specimens in small plastic bottles

The recent Europol OSINT hackathon in The Hague and a new €2 million commitment from the Netherlands highlight how international law enforcement and biometrics are advancing complex missing child investigations. In April 2026, experts from 18 countries utilized open-source intelligence to track 45 forcibly transferred Ukrainian children, effectively mapping illicit transportation routes and identifying holding facilities. For AMBER Alert Coordinators, this multi-agency response offers a powerful blueprint for tackling cross-border abductions. The Dutch grant directly supplies rapid DNA testing kits to expand Ukraine’s centralized genetic database. This robust repository not only accelerates family reunification but also establishes an irrefutable evidentiary chain of custody. Crucially, the initiative also funds post-recovery psychosocial care, ensuring rescued minors receive the support necessary to heal from profound trauma and indoctrination.

 

 

Alisha Rutherford, Emily Keifer, Governor Bill Lee, and Shelly Smitherman

 

 

Between September 2025 and January 2026, the Memphis Safe Task Force—a joint operation uniting the TBI, U.S. Marshals Service, and allied agencies—safely recovered 146 high-risk missing children. Establishing a dedicated, specialized missing child unit backed by continuous, actionable intelligence from criminal analysts dramatically increases recovery rates. A standout success involved a 15-year-old missing from a Tennessee juvenile facility. Following a NCMEC tip, TBI Special Agent Emily Keifer swiftly coordinated with local and federal partners in Honolulu, Hawaii. By engaging Hawaii’s AMBER Alert Coordinator, Amanda Leonard, to manage logistical hurdles, the teen was safely located the next day. This highlights that cross-jurisdictional cooperation and robust state-to-state networking are essential for rapidly rescuing youths.

 

Four people facing the camera, including two police officers, a woman, and a boy, standing in Delhi, India

Sixty-one missing children were safely located and reunited with their families in northern India as part of “Operation Milap.” The initiative by Delhi’s South-West District Police recovered 142 missing persons during an intensive month-long search mission. Law enforcement efforts included local inquiries, surveillance, and outreach at public transportation hubs, and examining records of nearby police stations and hospitals. Delhi Police said the operation brought the total number of missing people the district has reunited to just over 800—258 of them children—during the first six months of 2025. Deputy Commissioner of Police Amit Goel said the compassionate approach, methodical investigations, and swift action “brought hope and relief to many grieving families.” 

Guyana official at missing children conference

Changes in how the Guyana Police Force responds to missing persons reports are delivering results, with a stepped-up focus on children. Three missing persons cases were reported to be resolved about a week after new emergency protocols went into effect in late April. The revised procedures enable a faster, more coordinated national response to missing persons reports. Reports involving missing children are automatically categorized as high risk and automatically trigger a “Red Alert” that activates a coordinated national response. All missing persons cases now receive immediate response, eliminating the 24-hour waiting period previously in place. Additionally, police officers work closely with the Guyana’s Child Care and Protection Agency and other key entities. The changes stem from an 11-year-old girl’s drowning in a hotel swimming pool. 

Photograph of missing children in El Salvador

During the Salvadoran Civil War in the early 1980s, babies and young children were regularly seized by the army during anti-guerrilla operations, some taken by soldiers directly from their parents. Others were discovered in hiding places, apparently left behind as their families fled, and later given away for adoption. The nongovernmental organization Pro-Busqueda has helped locate 400 children since its founding in 1994 and is still searching for as many as 500 others reported missing during the 12-year war.

Photo of back of little boy in the United Kingdom / England

Legal red tape is preventing two Israeli children from returning home until the end of the year or longer. In July, the Jewish Chronicle reported that a 12-year-old girl was sent to the UK alone by her mother; her 9-year-old brother arrived a year earlier to live with a family friend in Leeds. The girl, who is staying in a hostel in London, has now claimed asylum in the UK. Officials in both countries are working to repatriate the children but have been hampered by international law governing minors. Additionally, asylum cases can take years to resolve, according to the Israeli Ministry of Social Affairs. The children’s case remains under police investigation and Chief Inspector Avi Rosh of Tel Aviv District Police said he expects to charge the mother with neglect of a minor and abandoning a minor.

Photo of U.S. Marshals talking with unidentified young woman during "Operation We Will Find You 2"

Calling it one of his agency’s “most sacred missions,” U.S. Marshals Service Director Ronald L. Davis vowed that recovering the nation’s critically missing children will remain a top priority. His comment came on the heels of a nationwide operation that recovered 200 missing children, including endangered runaways and those abducted by noncustodial parents, deemed at high risk for danger. The May-June “Operation We Will Find You 2,” the second of its kind, brought together federal, state, and local agencies; the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) provided technical assistance. The search led to the recovery and removal of 123 children from dangerous situations. An additional 77 missing children were found to be in safe locations. NCMEC President and CEO Michelle DeLaune said the effort is a “shining example of the results we can achieve when we unite in our mission to find missing children.”

Portrait of Michael Nixon with quote that reads: “Working in the realm of child exploitation, abuse, and sex trafficking makes us need to talk to each other—to trust in each other. We need to lean on one another and find grace from what we’ve experienced.” –— Michael Nixon Texas Region 12 Missing Person Alert Coordinator and Assistant Director/Training Coordinator, Lamar Institute of Technology Regional Police AcademyBy Denise Gee Peacock

Michael Jude Nixon’s middle name is his mother’s homage to Saint Jude, “the patron saint of hope and hopeless causes,” Nixon says. “She had a rough time during her pregnancy with me, and found comfort in prayer,” he says. “Thankfully everything turned out OK.”

And thankfully for those in his hometown of Beaumont, Texas, Nixon has devoted his life to serving people in need of hope—people facing hopeless causes.

“My family taught me to recognize a higher purpose in life,” says Nixon, who retired five years ago as a detective with the Beaumont Police Department, where he worked for almost 16 years and was the department’s AMBER Alert Coordinator.

Nixon now serves in two broader-ranging law enforcement capacities. Since 2020 he has held the role of Region 12 Missing Person Alert Coordinator for the Texas Department of Public Safety. (Region 12, comprising six counties in the Beaumont area, is home to about 500,000 people in southeastern Texas near southern Louisiana.)

Since 2020, Nixon has worked as Assistant Director and Training Coordinator for the Lamar Institute of Technology (LIT) Regional Police Academy in Beaumont. And on the national front, he recently joined Team Adam, a seasoned group of law enforcement professionals tapped for rapid deployment by the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children to investigate missing child cases.

Nixon’s path into law enforcement followed a decade of doing manual labor for the City of Beaumont.

The first half of that chapter was working in water maintenance for five years, and for the next five “dealing with alligators, snakes, you name it” as an animal control officer. The arduous, all-hours work “was difficult, but important,” he says. “It just didn’t pay enough to help me make ends meet” for his young family, and kept him from home a lot.

Some friends at the Beaumont Police Department encouraged him to join the BPD.

But then came Hurdle One. “Initially, I was provided a job offer, but it was rescinded after they learned I had a GED instead of a high school diploma.” (Nixon earned a GED at 18 after enlisting in the U.S. Army Reserve.) Undaunted, he returned to high school at age 32 and received that diploma. That allowed him to train at LIT and join the BPD in 2004.

Next came Hurdle Two: navigating the traumas associated with crimes against children—from child abuse to sex trafficking cases, which he was responsible for investigating for much of his BPD career.

The way he managed to cope (see “Take 5” section below) now informs his Regional Police Academy training work at LIT. It also has spurred him to continue expanding his horizons for both personal and professional growth. In December 2023 he earned his Associate of Science degree in criminal justice from LIT, and currently is pursuing a bachelor’s degree in the discipline from Lamar University.

We recently caught up with Nixon so we could learn more about his work experiences—and also glean his advice that others could apply to their work lives.

How did your world change after becoming a police officer? Working for the water department and as an animal control officer prepared me well. I saw the downside of humanity in those roles, and it was humbling. That makes you a more empathetic person. I was able to carry that over into law enforcement. I realized that everybody I encountered was somebody’s child, somebody’s parent, somebody’s loved one. I credit that to my mom’s influence. She taught me to be nice to people, even if you can’t do anything else to help.

Photograph of Texas Department of Public Safety Regional AMBER Alert Coordinators John Graham, left, and Michael Nixon, right
Michael Nixon and fellow Texan John Graham, a law enforcement veteran and Region 2 AMBER Alert Coordinator, share mutual respect. “If my child was abducted, Mike is who I’d want leading the investigation,” Graham says.

What were some challenges you faced in your law enforcement work? Earning people’s trust, for one. Also, getting them to talk. Many small-town communities that have been mistreated or ignored by law enforcement have built up a wall, a mentality of  ‘us versus them.’ That wall has to be continually torn down by both cops and citizens, Black and White alike. That’s because any national incident of police brutality will overshadow hundreds if not thousands of positive incidents, so it’s an uphill battle that we have to learn from. It doesn’t do us any good to be overzealous or condescending. As my mother always said, ‘You can catch more flies with honey.’ And when someone extends an olive branch, take it. I made an effort to go to park events and parades, to meet people on their level. We may not be welcomed at first—or the second time or third time—but we shouldn’t give up.

How did that affect cases involving missing children? When a community doesn’t trust law enforcement they’ll think they can solve a problem faster and more effectively on their own—of not getting the police involved. That’s especially true because most AMBER Alerts we handle are family-related and not stranger abductions, so people figure an outsider won’t be much help. I’ve had to work hard to convince them that I’m on their side. One challenge comes when children have been lured into sex trafficking. You have about four seconds to make a positive impression before they close their minds to you. Most have been told not to trust law enforcement; to be afraid that a cop will victimize them.

Do you cross paths with some of the children you helped over the years? I see a lot of them quite frequently, but very few know who I am. That’s by design; our child advocacy center is their true liaison. But their parents tend to know who I am. Often they’re people I grew up with. And sometimes they’ve come to me for guidance. I feel good when I can help.

Take 5: Ways to keep stress in check

Dealing with the disturbing realities of child protection work is a major stressor for law enforcement. “So many of us compartmentalize all the things we see,” Michael Nixon says. “We tell everybody that we’re fine when we’re not.” Here is some of his hard-won wisdom.

Text graphic that reads: Up to 35% of police officers may have undiagnosed post-traumatic stress injury due to the trauma they witness during their careers. Source: National Library of MedicineShare your feelings with a trusted friend or professional. “Around the time of my retirement, everything I’d dealt with over the years was causing me to have sleepless nights, to feel anxious. And I’m not ashamed to admit that I decided to talk with a therapist. He helped me see I was finally ‘man enough’ to admit the issues I was having. That’s why I tell our police academy cadets, ‘If you’re not feeling well, talk to someone,’ Nixon says. “It also helps to talk with colleagues who’ve had the same experiences as you.”

Leave work at work. “One of the best decisions I ever made was never talking with my family about any bad things that I had seen during the day. The boogeyman is not welcome at my house.”

Do a wellness check—on yourself. “Everyone—but especially those in law enforcement—should practice self-care,” Nixon says. “Find a way to step back, take a deep breath, and decompress. For instance, in an active shooter situation, we may run on adrenaline until there’s a break in the action. That’s when we’re supposed to check ourselves for wounds we may not be aware of. The same goes for investigating crimes against children. Check yourself every 12 hours to ensure you’re OK.”

Fortify your body and mind. “I found strength, and stress relief, by going to the gym each day, or working on some property I own in the country, clearing trees and that sort of thing. This kind of exercise can make you stronger physically and mentally.”

Don’t be afraid to cry. “Shedding tears is a body’s way of cleansing itself after a traumatic situation,” Nixon says. “Whenever you need some relief, find an empty office, or go sit in your car, and do what you need to do to lift that weight from your shoulders. Doing that will help you move forward.”

“Most people will experience a traumatic incident maybe five to seven times in their entire life. Meantime, a cop may experience a traumatic incident five to seven times a shift.”

Michael Nixon

Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers is shown signing the Prince Act into law in March 2024

Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers signed dozens of bills in March that would invest $10 million in support of crime and human trafficking victims. A new formal partnership between Wisconsin Anti-Human Trafficking Task Force (WAHTTF) and the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Relatives (MMIWR) addresses the prevalence of human trafficking in Wisconsin’s Indigenous communities. In April, Wisconsin signed two new missing person alerts into law, an effort to strengthen the state’s existing AMBER Alert system. The Prince Act expands Wisconsin’s missing person alerts for children after the murders of 5-year-old Prince McCree in 2023 and 10-year-old Lily Peters in 2022. In both cases, law enforcement didn’t have enough information to satisfy the strict requirements for issuing an AMBER Alert. As part of the Act, a new Purple Alert includes missing children under age 10 and children under the age of 18 incapable of returning home without help due to a disability.

Law enforcement officials in Rome have signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the AMBER Alert Europe Foundation to formalize efforts to issue alerts and find missing children. The Polizia di Stato agreed to have officers receive more training so they can cooperate and assist law enforcement efforts to find missing children throughout Europe.

The rock band Soul Asylum has created a new version of its hit song “Runaway Train.” The video for the 1993 tune included images of real-life missing and runaway children. The song and video have been updated with new names and images. “The problem’s never gonna go away, although I think there’s been progress made,” said singer Dave Pirner. “They didn’t have an AMBER Alert back when we made the video...” NCMEC said the original video helped reunite 21 missing children with their families.

Gina DeJesus, a woman who was held against her will for 11 years, has partnered with the Northeast Ohio AMBER Alert Committee to assist families and law enforcement agencies. DeJesus’s organization, the Cleveland Family Center for Missing Children, will offer support in cases involving missing or endangered children. DeJesus was 14 when she was abducted and held in a home with two other female teens. You can read more about her story of survival and advocacy efforts for missing children in the June 2019 issue of The AMBER Advocate.

A family in Bedford County, Tennessee, held a birthday party for a 16-year-old girl and 13-year-old boy who have been missing for nearly seven years. An AMBER Alert was issued for Chloie Leverette and Gage Daniel when they disappeared after their grandparents were found dead in a home that caught fire. The family held a birthday party on June 30, 2019, to keep the case alive with the hope someone will see them and call police. “Every day you’re looking, you’re wondering, not knowing what happened where are they? It takes a part of you, a part of your soul,” said mother Cheryl Daniel.

Ohio Attorney General Dave Yosi released a report for National Missing Children’s Day, documenting 25,619 people who went missing in the state in 2018—including 19,879 children. The report noted that 96.1 percent—or 19,510 children—were recovered safely by the end of the year.

Ohio had 19 attempted child abductions in 2018 involving 14 girls and five boys. About one-third of the suspects were driving vehicles and half of the incidents occurred while the children were walking to or from school.

Online Predators

A Special Message from Jim Walters, AMBER Alert Training and Technical Assistance Program Administrator

Jim Walters
Jim Walters

It seems like almost daily we hear stories about teens who go missing, found as victims of trafficking and exploitation or assaulted and even murdered by a predator. While those cases may generate headlines or brief flurries of media interest, what is sometimes missed is how their cases began and how we as first responders, call takers, and investigators approached their case from the onset.

All too often those cases began as a report of a missing child who was either characterized by the family from the start as voluntarily missing or whose case was approached as a probable runaway by law enforcement. Sadly, many of those we “thought” were runaways or were voluntarily missing were actually abducted, lured away or were not allowed to return by a predator. Regardless of how they went missing, the bottom line is that their cases did not receive the same degree of attention or investigative resources that a reported abduction or endangered missing classification might have prompted.

CREATING A CULTURAL CHANGE

In order to properly address the issue of runaways and voluntary missing in terms of how we respond and investigate, we have to create a cultural change in law enforcement. It’s a fact that most officers respond to dozens or even hundreds of reports of runaways each year. In the vast majority of these cases the child is reunited with their family or comes home on his or her own. It is easy to see how we can become complacent to the fact that there are children in that group that will never come home without our help.

When I was a young police officer, I remember how we handled domestic disturbances. The police officer was called on to be both a protector and a counselor. I still remember my first “DV” call and watching my supervisor handle the situation by driving the husband (who was in my mind at least, clearly the aggressor) to a local motel and telling him that if he came back to the house that night, he was going to go to jail. Of course, he came back, of course he assaulted his wife and of course he went to jail. It took an outcry from the public and media, litigation in the courts and finally case law to make us rethink how we dealt with family violence.

Fortunately, it’s now second nature to young recruits to identify the primary aggressors, make arrests, seek protective orders and provide referrals to victim services. We had a cultural change and it was for the better. The same thing happened with seat belts, open containers and child safety seats.

It is time that we had the same cultural shift in regards to runaways. Instead of approaching the report of a voluntary missing young person as a delinquency matter, let’s teach recruits and veterans alike to approach these cases from the standpoint of protecting the child. The actions taken by first responders and call takers are the most important factors in protecting the missing child regardless of how they went missing. We know from over 100 case reviews conducted by the AMBER Alert Training and Technical Assistance Program that in cases where first responders failed to properly assess the circumstances, secure crime scenes, missed evidence or suspect information; the success rate in terms of successfully recovering the missing child plummeted.

pull quoteAn estimated 71 percent of runaways are thought to have been endangered during their runaway episode. Factors such as substance dependency, use of hard drugs, sexual or physical abuse, presence in a place where criminal activity was occurring, or because of their extremely young age (13 years old or younger) place even the voluntary runaway at risk.1

Every runaway case should be considered in terms of potential threats facing the child, not the acts of the child. First responders and call takers need to determine if there are elements present that suggest the child is running from abuse in the home, or if they have been lured away by a predator through use of technology or grooming. Were they abducted or are they voluntarily missing but at risk to the many dangers that threaten the runaway child? If we looked at it from the perspective of threats to the child, rather than delinquency by the child, we would see an improvement in how we approach these cases from the onset.

Some key takeaways have come forth from more than 15 roundtables and listening sessions conducted by the AATTAP with surviving family members of missing, abducted and murdered children. These mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters and others are sharing what they learned when their child went missing.

  • Listen to the parents. They know their child and if they tell you the child is not a runaway, is at risk, or that their missing episode is out of character; listen to them and investigate, analyze and assess as though a crime has occurred; or until you know for a fact the child is safe.
  • Always dispatch an officer. This is especially relevant to a first responder’s mindset in cases where the family or child are known to law enforcement. It may seem like the report from a family member or other party can be taken over the phone, but this is a dangerous practice because it prevents the officer from putting eyes on the location where the child lives or was last seen. It is impossible to conduct a true assessment of the risk to the child without knowing what clues or warning signs you are missing if not there in person.
  • Always ask to search the home. Even if the reporting party indicates the child went missing from another location or didn’t return home on time, we always ask permission to search the home for clues that might show how or when the child left the home and under what circumstances.
    • In one case, officers responding to a “routine” runaway report asked to search the missing teenager’s room and found information that showed she had left the home to meet an individual who was determined to be a registered sex offender. Officers were able to intercept the child and take the child predator into custody before she was harmed. Had they not searched her room, there is no telling what may have befallen that child.
  • Know how to access, analyze and utilize digital evidence and social networking. More and more we see cases where children are lured from home by an individual they meet on line. Often the true identity of this person is unknown by the child before they are in the grasp of a predator. Social networking, cell technology and other digital evidence techniques can often prove the difference between victimization and a safe recovery.
  • Err on the side of protecting the child. When in doubt about whether the child is endangered or is in the midst of a voluntary runaway episode, go with protecting the child first.

Yes, there will be cases where we put a lot of work into recovering a child who is simply angry with a parent, hanging with friends after hours or even engaged in delinquent behavior. All that extra work is nothing in comparison to the pain and trauma that comes with that one child we miss, that one time we don’t issue the alert, call out additional resources or put our best efforts into the investigation, only to find out later that we failed them by using old thinking and old approaches.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON HOW TO IMPROVE RESPONSE TO REPORTS OF RUNAWAYS AND VOLUNTARY MISSING CHILDREN, DOWNLOAD RESOURCES AND ATTEND TRAINING.

IT’S TIME TO RETHINK HOW WE HANDLE RUNAWAYS AND MISSING CHILDREN; IT STARTS WITH YOU.

An Austrian search organization signed an agreement to become the 29th partner with AMBER Alert Europe. “Österreich Findet Euch” (“Austria Finds You”) originally began in 1944 to help children find their fathers who served in World War II. In 2015 the organization started using the same principles used by AMBER Alert Europe. The September 14, 2017, document formalizes that the group will now take part in all of the communication methods used by AMBER Alert Europe.

A two-day conference in Warsaw, Poland, offered the latest techniques to find missing persons, including using drones in searches. The “Searching for Missing People in Poland and Europe” conference was held November 20-21, 2013. The conference also had presentations about search and rescue teams and child abduction alerts in Poland, Greece, and the rest of Europe.

The International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children hosted a missing children investigation symposium for all Central American countries. The law enforcement training was held in conjunction with Interpol on November 18-20, 2013, in El Salvador.

Participants learned how to better collaborate with stakeholders across borders. It was done in collaboration with Interpol.

A similar training took place in Buenos Aires on December 3-6, 2013. This symposium was done with the help of Interpol Latin America and included law enforcement representatives across South America.

Greece has brought police officers, firefighters, members of the Coast Guard, and volunteer organizations together to create a team to find missing and abducted children. The Coordination Operational Team for Missing Children will coordinate resources and equipment during missing and abducted child investigations. The team was launched May 25, 2012, and has already been activated to successfully find a 7-year-old girl.

The International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) hosted an international conference in Brasilia, Brazil, to address the 8 million children who go missing each year. Participants from 14 countries attended the Global Missing Children's Network (GMCN) conference on February 9 to share best practices in dealing with the global problem of missing children.

“The problem of missing children touches every nation. Yet, most countries lack basic systems to respond,” said Ernie Allen, former President and CEO of the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. “The meeting in Brazil is historic and represents the beginning of a global effort to build effective systems in every country.”

ICMEC created GMCN in 1998 to share best practices, information, and strategies on missing children. Nineteen countries are members: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Romania, Spain, South Africa, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

When an AMBER Alert is issued in Winnipeg more than 1,000 real estate agents will get the message. The realtors in Manitoba registered to receive their alerts on their cell phones and pagers. “The more people we can get the message out to as quickly as possible, the more success we're going to have,” said Winnipeg Police Chief Keith McCaskill. The agents receive the alerts through TouchBase, a database that is usually used by realtors to schedule home showings and to communicate with each other. The Realtors Association also agreed to use their billboard to publicize information about missing children.

Child activists and politicians are urging the Irish government to implement a hotline for missing children. The European Commission reserved the 116 000 phone number for alerts for missing children. A total of 10 countries are now using the number.